New Delhi: India’s ethanol blending programme is moving beyond its long-standing dependence on sugarcane, with maize and rice emerging as major feedstocks for biofuel production. The shift is intended to strengthen energy security, diversify supply chains and create new income opportunities for farmers. However, it has also intensified debate over water use, foodgrain diversion, subsidies and the long-term impact on crop patterns.
India’s ethanol programme has expanded sharply over the past decade. Ethanol procurement by public-sector oil marketing companies rose from around 38 crore litres in 2013-14 to nearly 904 crore litres in 2024-25. The ethanol blending rate has also increased from 1.14% in 2014-15 to 20% during the current Ethanol Supply Year (ESY) 2025-26.
The government has positioned ethanol as a key part of its cleaner-fuel strategy, helping reduce dependence on imported crude oil while supporting domestic agriculture and the sugar industry. The programme has reportedly generated more than ₹1.29 lakh crore in revenue for sugar mills and attracted investments exceeding ₹42,000 crore.
As India explores higher ethanol blends such as E85 and E100 after achieving E20, the question is becoming more significant: which crop should power the country’s next phase of ethanol growth?
Maize and Rice Gain Ground in India’s Ethanol Market
According to industry estimates, grain-based ethanol—mainly produced from maize and rice—now accounts for about 65% of India’s total ethanol output. Sugarcane-based feedstocks make up the remaining share.
Data from the All India Distillers Association indicates that of the 1,059 crore litres of ethanol contracted for ESY 2025-26, about 515 crore litres had already been supplied during the first six months. Maize emerged as the largest contributor, supplying nearly 182 crore litres.
Maize’s role in ethanol production has grown rapidly. Its share rose from just 6.2% in ESY 2022-23 to nearly 50% in ESY 2024-25, reflecting the government’s push to widen the feedstock base.
Industry representatives argue that depending on only one crop, especially sugarcane, could create supply risks. Sugarcane cultivation is concentrated in states such as Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka, while maize and rice are grown across wider parts of the country. This broader geographic spread may make ethanol production less dependent on a handful of regions.
Why Maize Is Being Seen as a Key Ethanol Crop
Agricultural economists say maize may be a more suitable crop for ethanol than rice or sugarcane, particularly because it requires comparatively less irrigation.
India’s maize productivity, however, remains a major concern. While the United States produces around 11 tonnes of maize per hectare, India’s average yield is estimated at about 3.5 tonnes per hectare. Experts believe India will need better seeds, advanced farming technology and improved crop management to make maize ethanol more competitive.
Maize also uses less water than paddy and sugarcane in many farming regions. A maize crop generally requires only a few rounds of irrigation, while paddy cultivation in Punjab and sugarcane farming in Maharashtra can demand significantly more water.
This makes maize attractive at a time when groundwater depletion and water stress are growing concerns in several agricultural states.
Sugarcane vs Maize: The Water Efficiency Debate
The debate is not entirely one-sided. Research by the Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research suggests that sugarcane can be more water-efficient for ethanol production when measured on a monthly per-hectare basis.
The institute estimates monthly water use at around 1,313 cubic metres per hectare for sugarcane, compared with 1,691 cubic metres for maize and 2,548 cubic metres for rice.
This highlights the complexity of comparing ethanol feedstocks. Water use depends on the region, irrigation method, crop duration, soil conditions, productivity and the amount of ethanol produced from each crop.
While maize is often seen as a lower-water crop, sugarcane supporters argue that its high biomass and ethanol output can make it efficient under suitable conditions.
Rice-Based Ethanol Raises Questions Over Foodgrain Use
India’s large rice stocks have also become a source of ethanol feedstock. Supporters say surplus, damaged or low-quality rice can be used for energy production instead of being wasted in storage.
The Food Corporation of India is reported to hold rice stocks well above prescribed buffer norms. Industry groups argue that using a portion of this excess grain for ethanol can reduce storage pressure and create value from grain that may otherwise deteriorate.
Critics, however, question the economics of rice-based ethanol. They argue that rice is procured and stored using public funds, while electricity and fertiliser subsidies lower its real production cost. If such rice is later supplied to distilleries at a lower rate, the subsidy burden may effectively shift into ethanol production.
Economists have warned that this could make rice-based ethanol appear cheaper than it actually is, while masking the broader cost to taxpayers and natural resources.
Ethanol Prices Vary by Feedstock
Oil marketing companies buy ethanol through a tender-based system, with prices determined by the raw material used for production.
For the current supply year, maize-based ethanol is priced at about ₹71.86 per litre. Rice-based ethanol receives around ₹60.32 per litre, while sugarcane-based ethanol is priced near ₹65.61 per litre.
India currently has around 370 ethanol plants with a combined installed capacity of approximately 2,000 crore litres per year. However, the annual ethanol requirement for E20 blending is estimated at roughly 1,100 crore litres.
Industrial applications, including pharmaceuticals, paints, solvents and plastics, consume another estimated 300 crore litres. This leaves a significant volume of potential ethanol capacity without an assured domestic market.
Demand Creation Becomes the Next Challenge
With additional distilleries expected to begin operations, the ethanol industry is increasingly focused on demand creation. Industry bodies are seeking permission to export ethanol to countries such as Nepal, Bangladesh, Thailand and the Philippines.
They are also calling for wider adoption of ethanol-based cooking fuel and flex-fuel vehicles capable of running on E85 or E100 blends.
At present, tax rates on flex-fuel vehicles are considerably higher than those on electric vehicles. Industry representatives say this creates an uneven policy environment, as electric vehicles attract a lower GST rate while flex-fuel vehicles face higher taxation.
Could Ethanol Change India’s Crop Pattern?
Policy researchers have warned that rising ethanol demand may influence farmers’ crop choices. If maize, rice and sugarcane offer better returns because of ethanol demand, farmers may shift land away from pulses and oilseeds.
Such a shift could affect India’s food security goals and increase dependence on imports of edible oils and protein-rich crops.
India’s ethanol programme has delivered major gains in fuel blending, rural investment and farm-linked industry. But as the country moves toward higher ethanol blends, policymakers will need to balance energy security with water conservation, foodgrain management, fiscal discipline and crop diversification.
The future of India’s ethanol strategy may depend not only on producing more fuel, but also on choosing the right feedstocks for a sustainable agricultural economy.



